He aha ngā whakaritenga mō te kounga wai mō te mahi pāmu kōura wai māori?

I. Ngā Tawhā me ngā Whakaritenga Kounga Wai Matua mō te Mahi Pāpaka Wai Māori

(1)Hāora Whakarewa (DO)

He mea nui te hāora rewa mō te oranga tonutanga o te kōura wai māori. Me pupuri tonu i runga ake i te ‌5 mg/rita‌, me te paepae iti rawa kāore i raro iho i te ‌3 mg/rita‌. Ina kore e ranea te hāora wairewa, ka kitea pea e te parāoa te haunga o te mata (te mānu i te mata o te wai), te iti o te kai, ā, i ngā wā kino, ka hemo te manawa me te mate nā te korenga o te hāora i roto i te wai. Ko ngā hāora o te pō me te ata pō te wā iti rawa o ia rā mō ngā taumata hāora wairewa i roto i ngā wai, me aro turuki tonu.

;Whakamāramatanga o ngā Kupu Matua:;

• ;Hāora Whakarewa (DO):Ko te nui o te hāora (O₂) i rewa i roto i te wai, he mea nui mō te manawa i roto i ngā rauropi wai.
• Tauira whakamahinga: I roto i te mahi pāmu ika, ko ngā taumata DO i raro i te 4 mg/L ka whakaoho i ngā urupare ahotea i roto i ngā momo pērā i te tilapia.
• Tauari noa: Ko ngā pūnaha hau e whakahohehia ana i ngā hāora o te ata ina tae te DO ki tōna taumata iti rawa.

(2)Te Waikawa me te Kawakore (Uara pH)

Ko te awhe pH tino pai mō te kōura wai māori ko7.0–8.5‌, me ngā huringa o ia rā e whakahaeretia ana i roto i ‌±0.5 ngā waeine‌. Mā te pH iti rawa ka pāngia te parāoa e te waikawa waikawa, ka whakararu i tō rātou tipu me te whanaketanga; engari, mā te pH tino tiketike ka whakanui ake i te paitini o te hauota haukini, ka tū hei mōrearea nui ki te hauora o te parāoa.

;Whakamāramatanga o ngā Kupu Matua:;

• ;Uara pH:He ine i te waikawa, te kawakore rānei o tētahi otinga i runga i te tauine mai i te 0 ki te 14, ko te 7 te koretake.
• Hei tauira whakamahinga: Ka taea e te hekenga ohorere o te pH i muri i te ua nui te whakakorikori i ngā mea ora i roto i ngā roto o waho.
• Te horopaki noa: Ka tāpirihia ngā matū whakapūmau pērā i te konupūmā kāponāte hei whakau i te pH i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua ika e huri haere ana.

(3)Hauota Haukini me te Nitrite

Me pupuri te kukū hauota haukini ki raro iho i te ‌0.2 mg/rita‌, me ngā taumata haukini (ngota) kāore i te ionitia i raro i te ‌0.1 mg/rita‌. Ka kino te haukini nui ki ngā kiko pihanga o te kōura, ā, ka aukati i te mahi manawa. Me noho tonu te kukū o te hauota ki raro iho i te ‌.0.1 mg/rita‌, nā te mea ka whakaitihia te kaha kawe hāora o te toto kōura, ka hua ake te "paihana nitrite," ka heke te ora me te ātete ki te mate.

;Whakamāramatanga o ngā Kupu Matua:;

• ;Hauota Haukini (NH₃/NH₄⁺):He para pākia paitini e tukuna ana e ngā kararehe wai. He tino paitini te haukini kāore i te ionitia (NH₃) ahakoa he iti noa ngā kukū.
• ;Nitrite (NO₂⁻):He matū takawaenga i roto i te huringa hauota; he paitini nā te mea ka herea ki te hemocyanin (te kaikawe hāora i roto i ngā pāpaka), ka whakaiti i te kawe hāora.
• Tauira whakamahinga: I roto i ngā tātari koiora, ka hurihia e ngā huakita whai hua te haukini → nitrite → nitrate (he iti ake te paitini).
• Āhuatanga noa: I muri i te whakatō kōura hou, ka piki ake pea te haukini nā te nui rawa o te whāngai, te kore rānei o te tātari koiora.
• ;Te Kawakore Katoa:‌Awhe e taunakitia ana: ‌80–150 mg/ritahei CaCO₃. Ka āwhina ki te ārai i ngā piki me ngā heke o te pH me te pupuri i te pumau o te wai.
• ;Te Mārama o te Wai:Te whānuitanga pai rawa atu:30–40 henemita‌, e tohu ana i te nui o ngā phytoplankton e tika ana, e whakarato ana i te kai maori mō ngā kōura.
• ;Hauwai Whāriki (H₂S):Me tino whakahaere i raro nei0.01 mg/rita‌. Ka taea e tēnei hau tino paitini, e puta ana i raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, te whakararu i ngā kiko me te mate nui o te parāoa.

(4) Ētahi atu Tawhā

;Whakamāramatanga o ngā Kupu Matua:;

• ;Te Kawakore Katoa:Ko te kaha o te wai ki te whakakore i ngā waikawa, nā te mea nui ko te paikāpōnate, te kāponāte, me ngā katote hauwai.
• Tauira whakamahinga: Ko ngā roto iti te kawakawa me tāpiri he kōhatu (he kōhatu ā-papa) hei whakapai ake i te kaha pupuri wai.
• ;Māramatanga:‌I inehia mā te whakamahi i te kōpae Secchi; e whakaata ana i te mātotoru o te plankton me te māramatanga whānui o te wai.
• ;Hauwai Whāriki (H₂S):He hau mura, kore tae, he kakara hua pirau; he tino paitini ki ngā mea ora i roto i te wai ahakoa he iti noa iho.
• Te horopaki noa: Ko te kohikohinga o te paru waro i te takere o te puna ka arahi ki te pirau anaerobic me te whakaputanga H₂S.

II. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu aroturuki kounga wai?

(1) Whakamāramahia ngā Hiahia Aroturuki

Me whiriwhiri e ngā kaimahi pāmu ngā taputapu aroturuki e tika ana i runga i ā rātou mahitauine ahuwhenua‌, ‌ngā āhuatanga o te tinana wai‌, me te ‌ngā tawhā matua e pārekareka ana‌. Mō te aroturukitanga taketake (hei tauira, te pH me te DO), he rawaka pea ngā taputapu mahi-kotahi. Heoi, mō te aromatawai kounga wai whānui, ‌ngā pūnaha aroturuki maha-tawhāe tūtohutia ana.

;Whakamāramatanga o ngā Kupu Matua:;

• ;Aroturuki maha-tawhā:He taputapu e taea ai te ine i ētahi taurangi kounga wai i te wā kotahi (hei tauira, te pH, te DO, te kawe hiko, te pāmahana, te haukini).
• Tauira whakamahinga: Ka whakamahia e ngā pāmu parāoa nui ngā sonde maha-tawhā hei aroturuki tonu i ngā āhuatanga o te wai i te wā tonu.
• Ngā āhuatanga noa: Tērā pea ka whakamahia e ngā whare whakatupu hua iti ngā mita ringaringa mō ngā tirotiro ā-wāhi, ko ngā Pūnaha Ahuwhenua Ahuwhenua (RAS) ia e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pūoko ipurangi kua whakauruhia.

(2) Whakanuia te Tika me te Pūmautanga o te Taputapu

Mā ngā taputapu tino tika ka taea te whakarato raraunga pono mō te whakatau whai whakaaro. Hei tāpiri, me whakaatu e ngā taputapu te pumau kaha kia taea ai te mahi tonu i roto i ngā taiao ahuwhenua ika uaua, kia iti ake ai te tūponotanga o te rahunga.

;Whakamāramatanga o ngā Kupu Matua:;

• ;Te tika:Te tata o te uara ine ki te uara tūturu. Mā te tika teitei ka pono ai ngā hua.
• ;Te pumau:Ko te kaha o tētahi taputapu ki te pupuri i te mahi ōrite i roto i te wā, me te kore e nekeneke.
• Tauira whakamahinga: Tērā pea me whakatikatika anō i ia rā tētahi pūoko DO kāore i te tino pumau, ka piki ake ai ngā utu mahi.
• Āhuatanga noa: Kua hangaia ngā pūoko taumata-ahumahi hei ātete i te poke me te pupuri i te whakatikatika mō ngā wiki.

(3) Whakaarohia te Ngāwari o te Whakahaere me ngā Utu Tiaki

Mā ngā taputapu ngāwari ki te whakahaere, ngāwari hoki ki te tiaki ka whakaiti i te arai hangarau mō ngā kaimahi pāmu, ka whakaiti hoki i ngā utu whakahaere mō te wā roa.whakatikatika aunoamengā mahi horoi-ā-koewhakaitihia te wawaotanga ā-ringa, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te aroturukitanga.

;Whakamāramatanga o ngā Kupu Matua:;

• ;Whakamātautau aunoa:Ka whakarerekē aunoa te taputapu i ana pānui mā te whakamahi i ngā paerewa tohutoro, hei whakaiti i te hapa a te kaiwhakamahi.
• ;Tikanga horoi-ā-koe:‌E whakamahi ana i ngā horoi ā-ringa, i te wiri ultrasonic rānei hei ārai i te poke koiora i runga i ngā mata o te pūoko.
• Tauira whakamahinga: He tino pai ngā ine pH horoi-ake mō te whakamahinga roa i roto i ngā puna parāoa whai matūkai.
• Ngā āhuatanga noa: Ka whakaitihia e ngā pūnaha aunoa te hiahia kaimahi, ā, ka taea te aroturuki mamao i roto i ngā whare kore tangata.