Te tono mō te tukunga wai para i roto i ngā umanga patu me te tukatuka mīti mata o Shanghai

I whakatūria he kamupene tukatuka mīti kei Shanghai i te tau 2011, ā, kei te Rohe o Songjiang. Kei roto i āna mahi pakihi ngā mahi kua whakaaetia pērā i te patu poaka, te whakatipu heihei me te kararehe, te tohatoha kai, me te kawe utanga rori (haunga ngā rauemi morearea). Ko te hinonga matua, he kamupene ahumahi me te hokohoko kei Shanghai kei te Rohe o Songjiang hoki, he hinonga tūmataiti e mahi ana i te mahi pāmu poaka. E whā ngā pāmu poaka nui e tirotirohia ana e ia, e pupuri ana i te 5,000 ngā poaka whakatipu me te kaha whakaputa ā-tau tae atu ki te 100,000 poaka kua rite ki te mākete. Hei tāpiri, e mahi tahi ana te kamupene me te 50 ngā pāmu rauropi e whakauru ana i te whakatipu hua me te mahi kararehe.

Ngā Pakihi Patu me te Tukatuka Mīti Mata

He nui ngā matūkai me ngā matūkai kei roto i ngā wai para e puta mai ana i ngā whare patu poaka. Mēnā ka tukuna atu ki waho o te rongoā, ka tūpono he mōrearea nui ki ngā pūnaha wai, ki te oneone, ki te kounga o te hau, me ngā pūnaha rauropi whānui. Ko ngā pānga matua ki te taiao koia ēnei:

1. Te Parahanga Wai (te hua tino tere me te kino rawa atu)
He nui ngā poke me ngā matūkai o te para o te whare patu kararehe. Ina tukuna tika atu ki ngā awa, ki ngā roto, ki ngā roto rānei, ka pirau ngā wāhanga rauropi—pērā i te toto, te ngako, te paru, me ngā toenga kai—e ngā moroiti, he tukanga e pau ai te nui o te hāora rewa (DO). Ko te mimiti o te DO ka hua ake he āhua anaerobic, ka mate ngā rauropi wai pērā i te ika me te kōura nā te korenga o te hāora. Ka puta ake anō hoki i te pirau anaerobic ngā hau kakara kino—tae atu ki te hauwai sulfide, te haukini, me ngā mercaptan—ka puta ai te rerekētanga o te wai me ngā haunga kino, ka kore ai e taea te whakamahi i te wai mō tētahi kaupapa.

Kei roto hoki i te wai para te nui o te hauota (N) me te whākōkī (P). Ina uru ki ngā wai, ka whakatairangahia e ēnei matūkai te tipu nui o te rimurimu me te phytoplankton, ka hua ake he puāwaitanga rimurimu, he tai whero rānei. Mā te pirau o ngā rimurimu mate ka pau te hāora, ka whakararuraru i te pūnaha rauropi wai. Ka heke te kounga o ngā wai eutrophic, ā, ka kore e pai mō te inu, te whakamakuku, te whakamahi ahumahi rānei.

Heoi anō, tera pea ka mau mai i roto i te para ngā moroiti mate kino—tae atu ki ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, me ngā hua pirinoa (hei tauira, Escherichia coli me Salmonella)—e ahu mai ana i ngā whekau me ngā paru kararehe. Ka taea e ēnei mate kino te horapa mā te rere o te wai, ka poke i ngā puna wai o raro, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te horapa o ngā mate zoonotic, ā, ka tūpono hoki ki te hauora o te marea.

2. Te Parahanga o te Oneone
Mena ka tukuna tika te wai para ki te whenua, ka whakamahia rānei mō te whakamakuku, ka ārai pea ngā totoka me ngā ngako i whakatārewatia i ngā pūwero o te oneone, ka whakararuraru i te hanganga o te oneone, ka whakaiti i te urunga o te wai, ka whakararu hoki i te whanaketanga o ngā pakiaka. Tērā pea ka kohia ngā patu huakita, ngā hopi horoi, me ngā konganuku taumaha (hei tauira, te parahi me te konutea) mai i te kai kararehe ki roto i te oneone i roto i te wā, ka whakarerekē i ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana, ka puta ai te tote, te paitini rānei, ā, ka kore e pai te whenua mō te ahuwhenua. Ko te nui rawa o te hauota me te whākōkī i tua atu i te kaha o te tango hua ka arahi ki te kino o ngā tipu ("tahu tongi") ā, ka rere pea ki roto i te wai whenua, ka tūpono ai te poke.

3. Te Parahanga o te Hau
I raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, ka puta mai i te pirau waipara ngā hau kino me ngā hau kino pērā i te hauwai sulfide (H₂S, e tohuhia ana e te haunga hua pirau), te haukini (NH₃), ngā amine, me ngā mercaptan. Ehara i te mea ka puta noa i ēnei tukunga he haunga kino e pā ana ki ngā hapori tata engari he tūponotanga hauora anō hoki; he paitini te nui o te H₂S, ā, ka mate pea. Hei tāpiri, ko te methane (CH₄), he hau kati kōtuhi kaha me te kaha whakamahana o te ao neke atu i te rua tekau ngā wā i te hauhā waro, ka puta i te wā nakunaku anaerobic, ka whai wāhi ki te huringa āhuarangi.

I Haina, ka whakahaeretia te tukunga wai para o ngā whare patu kararehe i raro i tētahi pūnaha whakaaetanga e hiahia ana kia tutuki i ngā here tukunga kua whakamanahia. Me piri pū ngā whare ki ngā ture Whakaaetanga Tukunga Parakino, ā, me tutuki hoki i ngā whakaritenga o te "Paerewa Tukunga o ngā Parakino Wai mō te Ahumahi Tukatuka Mīti" (GB 13457-92), me ngā paerewa ā-rohe e tika ana, e kaha ake ana.

Ka aromatawaihia te tutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga wai mā te aroturuki tonu i ngā tawhā matua e rima: te hiahia hāora matū (COD), te hauota haukini (NH₃-N), te whākōkī katoa (TP), te hauota katoa (TN), me te pH. Ka whakamahia ēnei tohu hei paearu whakahaere mō te aromatawai i te mahi a ngā tukanga maimoatanga wai para—tae atu ki te whakatō, te wehenga hinu, te maimoatanga koiora, te tango matūkai, me te patu huakita—e āhei ai ngā whakarerekētanga wā tika hei whakarite i te tukunga wai para pumau me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.

- Te Hiahia Hāora Matū (COD):Ka ine te COD i te nui katoa o ngā mea waro ka taea te waikura i roto i te wai. Ko ngā uara COD teitei ake e tohu ana i te nui ake o te parahanga waro. Ko ngā wai para o te whare patu kararehe, kei roto te toto, te ngako, te pūmua, me te paru, ka whakaatuhia he kukū COD mai i te 2,000 ki te 8,000 mg/L, neke atu rānei. He mea nui te aroturuki i te COD hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te tango i ngā kawenga waro me te whakarite kia pai te mahi a te pūnaha maimoatanga wai para i roto i ngā rohe e whakaaetia ana e te taiao.

- Hauota Haukini (NH₃-N): E whakaata ana tēnei tawhā i te kukū o te haukini kore utu (NH₃) me ngā iona haukini (NH₄⁺) i roto i te wai. Ka pau te nui o te hāora rewa i te whakanitrogenation o te haukini, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te hāora. He tino paitini te haukini kore utu ki ngā mea ora i roto i te wai ahakoa he iti ngā kukū. Hei tāpiri, he puna matūkai te haukini mō te tipu o te rimurimu, e whai wāhi ana ki te eutrophication. Ka puta mai i te pakaru o te mimi, te paru, me ngā pūmua i roto i te wai para o te whare patu kararehe. Mā te aroturuki i te NH₃-N ka whakarite kia tika te mahi a ngā tukanga whakanitrogenation me te denitrification, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea taiao me te hauora.

- Te Hauota Katoa (TN) me te Phosphorus Katoa (TP):Ko te TN te huinga o ngā momo hauota katoa (haukini, hauota, nitrite, hauota waro), ko te TP ia kei roto i ngā matū katoa o te whākawa. Ko ngā mea e rua ngā tino take o te whakamomona wai. Ina tukuna ki ngā wai e tere haere ana pērā i ngā roto, ngā puna wai, me ngā awaawa, ka whakaohohia e ngā parapara he nui te hauota me te whākawa te tipu o te rimurimu—he rite ki te whakamomona i ngā wai—ka hua ake te puāwaitanga o te rimurimu. Ko ngā ture wai para o ēnei rā e whakatakoto ana i ngā here tino kaha ki runga i ngā tukunga TN me te TP. Mā te aroturuki i ēnei tawhā ka aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā hangarau tango matūkai matatau, ā, ka āwhina i te aukati i te pirau o te pūnaha rauropi.

- Uara pH:Ko te pH e tohu ana i te waikawa, te kawakore rānei o te wai. Ko te nuinga o ngā rauropi wai ka ora i roto i te awhe pH whaiti (te nuinga o te 6–9). Ko ngā para wai he nui rawa te waikawa, te kawakore rānei, ka kino ki ngā mea ora wai, ka whakararuraru hoki i te taurite o te taiao. Mō ngā whare maimoatanga wai para, he mea nui te pupuri i te pH tika mō te mahi tino pai o ngā tukanga maimoatanga koiora. Mā te aroturuki tonu i te pH ka tautoko i te pumau o te tukanga me te tutuki i ngā ture.

Kua tāutahia e te kamupene ngā taputapu aroturuki ipurangi e whai ake nei mai i Boqu Instruments ki tana putanga matua:
- Aroturuki Tono Matū Hāora Aunoa Ipurangi CODG-3000
- NHNG-3010 Aroturuki Aunoa Ipurangi Hauota Haukini
- TPG-3030 Pūtātari Aunoa Ipurangi mō te Phosphorus Katoa
- TNG-3020 Pūtātari Aunoa Ipurangi Hauota Katoa
- PHG-2091 pH Kaitātari Aunoa Ipurangi

Kaitātari Aunoa Ipurangi mō te Hauota Phosphorus Katoa

Mā ēnei tātaritanga ka taea te aroturuki i te COD, te hauota haukini, te whākōkī katoa, te hauota katoa, me ngā taumata pH i roto i te parahanga. Mā ēnei raraunga ka taea te aromatawai i te parahanga rauropi me te matūkai, te aromatawai i ngā mōrearea taiao me te hauora tūmatanui, me te whakatau whai whakaaro mō ngā rautaki maimoatanga. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te arotau i ngā tukanga maimoatanga, te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere, te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao, me te tutuki tonu i ngā ture taiao ā-motu me ā-rohe.